RESUMO
Scarcity of water and energy, and legal requirements for discharge of waste and wastewater are forcing hemodialysis facilities to change their approach to a more integrated concept of connecting the residual output (in terms of waste, wastewater and energy loss) to the input (in terms of water and energy). Zero liquid discharge is an expanding water treatment philosophy in which hemodialysis wastewater is purified and recycled, leaving little to no effluent remaining when the process is complete, thereby saving money and being beneficial to the environment. This article explores the possible ways to treat hemodialysis wastewater, thus achieving ZLD conditions. (AU)
La escasez de agua y energía, y los requisitos legales para la descarga de desechos y aguas residuales están obligando a las instalaciones de hemodiálisis a cambiar su enfoque hacia un concepto más integrado de conectar la salida residual (en términos de desechos, aguas residuales y pérdida de energía) con la entrada (en términos de agua y energía). La descarga de líquido cero es una filosofía de tratamiento de agua en expansión en la que las aguas residuales de hemodiálisis se purifican y se reciclan, dejando poco o ningún efluente cuando se completa el proceso, lo que ahorra dinero y es beneficioso para el medio ambiente. Este artículo explora las posibles formas de tratar las aguas residuales de hemodiálisis, logrando así las condiciones de descarga de líquidos cero. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Diálise Renal , Purificação da Água , Águas Residuárias , Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos , Soluções para DiáliseRESUMO
Scarcity of water and energy, and legal requirements for discharge of waste and wastewater are forcing hemodialysis facilities to change their approach to a more integrated concept of connecting the residual output (in terms of waste, wastewater and energy loss) to the input (in terms of water and energy). Zero liquid discharge is an expanding water treatment philosophy in which hemodialysis wastewater is purified and recycled, leaving little to no effluent remaining when the process is complete, thereby saving money and being beneficial to the environment. This article explores the possible ways to treat hemodialysis wastewater, thus achieving ZLD conditions.
RESUMO
Scarcity of water and energy, and legal requirements for discharge of waste and wastewater are forcing hemodialysis facilities to change their approach to a more integrated concept of connecting the residual output (in terms of waste, wastewater and energy loss) to the input (in terms of water and energy). Zero liquid discharge is an expanding water treatment philosophy in which hemodialysis wastewater is purified and recycled, leaving little to no effluent remaining when the process is complete, thereby saving money and being beneficial to the environment. This article explores the possible ways to treat hemodialysis wastewater, thus achieving ZLD conditions.
Assuntos
Águas Residuárias , Purificação da Água , Humanos , Diálise RenalRESUMO
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of wastewater for different purposes such as irrigation, laundry and sanitation. As water scarcity increases worldwide, dialysis facilities should be focused on salvaging water. However, most of them still ignorantly discard to the sewer huge volumes of this reusable resource. This article reviews the current water conservation techniques in hemodialysis and the potential benefits drawn when using this technology.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Purificação da Água/métodos , Abastecimento de Água , Análise Custo-Benefício , Humanos , Reciclagem , Diálise Renal/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Water treatment systems are susceptible to microbial contaminations and periodical disinfection procedures are mandatory to obtain results requested from international standards. According to the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, ozone is the most effective method to destroy microorganisms, and to prevent, reduce or remove the biofilm. This study aims to review the literature on the application of ozone in the disinfection of water treatment systems for hemodialysis. METHODS: Data were obtained from databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, and others). RESULTS: Ozone is quite effective in killing bacteria and degrading endotoxins and biofilm, with efficacy being concentration- and time-dependent. However, being a strong oxidant, appropriately compatible materials should be used. Also ozone production should be monitored and its level in ambient air should also be checked periodically to maintain a contamination air standard of 0.1 ppm. CONCLUSION: Ozone appears to be promising in hemodialysis. However, further investigations are necessary to approve its wider use.
Assuntos
Segurança de Equipamentos/métodos , Ozônio/química , Diálise Renal/métodos , Purificação da Água/métodos , Água/química , Contaminação de Equipamentos/prevenção & controle , Soluções para Hemodiálise/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Ozônio/farmacologia , Diálise Renal/instrumentação , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
Water is a vital aspect of hemodialysis. During the procedure, large volumes of water are used to prepare dialysate and clean and reprocess machines. This report evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of recycling hemodialysis wastewater for irrigation uses, such as watering gardens and landscape plantings. Water characteristics, possible recycling methods, and production costs of treated water are discussed in terms of the quality of the generated wastewater. A cost-benefit analysis is also performed through comparison of intended cost with that of seawater desalination, which is widely used in irrigation.
